Wallerian degeneration

Wallerian degeneration is the process that occurs after a nerve fiber is cut or severely damaged, where the portion of the axon distal to the injury breaks down.

This process is accompanied by the activation of macrophages and Schwann cells, which clear debris and support regeneration. While Wallerian degeneration is essential for nerve healing, it also contributes to neuropathic pain, as injured nerves release inflammatory mediators and abnormal electrical activity during degeneration.

Clinically, Wallerian degeneration explains why patients often experience pain, tingling or burning sensations after nerve injury. It also helps researchers and clinicians understand the mechanisms of both recovery and maladaptive pain following trauma, surgery or compression neuropathies. Interventions that reduce inflammation and stabilize nerve signaling are being studied as ways to improve outcomes during this process.