Voltage-gated ion channels

Voltage-gated ion channels are proteins in nerve cell membranes that open or close in response to electrical changes.

They regulate the flow of sodium, potassium and calcium ions, which is critical for nerve conduction and communication. Abnormal activity of these channels can make nerves hyperexcitable, leading to chronic pain.

In neuropathic pain, for instance, sodium channels can become overactive, generating ectopic impulses. Drugs like carbamazepine or gabapentin target these channels to stabilize nerve activity. Research also suggests that neuromodulatory interventions, including pulsed radiofrequency (PRF), may alter ion channel function, helping reduce abnormal signaling without tissue damage.