Macrophages

Macrophages are immune cells that play a central role in inflammation and tissue repair.

In pain medicine, they are key because they release cytokines and other mediators that can either promote or reduce pain. After injury, macrophages shift between pro-inflammatory (“M1”) and anti-inflammatory (“M2”) states. When this balance is disturbed, persistent inflammation and sensitization of nerves can occur, contributing to chronic pain. Research suggests that some interventions, including neuromodulation and PRF, may influence macrophage activity and promote a shift toward healing responses.