Genetic changes

Genetic changes can influence how individuals perceive pain, respond to injury, and metabolize medications.

Variations in certain genes, for example those coding for ion channels, neurotransmitter receptors, or opioid receptors, can make some people more vulnerable to developing chronic pain or less responsive to standard treatments. Beyond inherited differences, pain can also induce epigenetic changes — modifications in gene expression triggered by stress, inflammation or persistent nerve activity. Understanding these genetic and epigenetic factors opens the door to more personalized pain management strategies in the future.