Cytokines

Cytokines are small proteins released by immune cells that help regulate inflammation and communication between cells.

In the context of pain, certain cytokines — such as interleukins and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) — can sensitize nerves and amplify pain signals. Elevated cytokine activity is often seen in chronic inflammatory conditions like arthritis, as well as in neuropathic pain states. While some cytokines promote inflammation and pain, others have anti-inflammatory effects and can help reduce it.

Understanding the balance between these “pro-pain” and “anti-pain” cytokines is essential in modern pain research. Targeted therapies, such as biologic drugs that block specific cytokines, are increasingly being used to treat inflammatory pain. Cytokine research also overlaps with interventional approaches, as procedures like pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) may influence local inflammatory processes and cytokine expression, contributing to pain relief.